尔时,功德林菩萨承佛神力,入菩萨善思惟三昧。以三昧力,十方各千佛刹微尘数世界之外,各有千佛刹微尘数诸佛,皆号功德林,皆现其前,告功德林菩萨言:善哉!善哉!佛子!汝能入此三昧。佛子!菩萨摩诃萨有十种行,三世诸佛皆已宣说、当说、今说。何等为十?一者、欢喜行;二者、饶益行;三者、无恚恨行;四者、无尽行;五者、离痴乱行;六者、善现行;七者、无着行;八者、难得行;九者、善法行;十者、真实行。
逐句解释
入菩萨善思惟三昧……十方各千佛刹微尘数诸佛,皆号功德林
功德林菩萨进入「善思惟三昧」(深度禅定),在这个三昧的力量中,十方无量世界之外的无数佛陀同时现身——而且,这些佛陀的名字全都叫「功德林」。这个细节至关重要:《华严经》在此示现「法界同名」的原理——当一位菩萨证入某一境界,十方法界中与这境界相应的诸佛菩萨,都以相同的名号应现,印证并加持这一证悟。这是华严「一多相摄」的实际展现:一个功德林菩萨的三昧,感应来十方无数同名诸佛的证明。
Bodhisattva Merit Forest entered the samadhi of good contemplation; by its power, Buddhas as numerous as motes of dust beyond a thousand Buddha-lands in each direction appeared — all named Merit Forest.
The appearance of countless Buddhas all sharing the same name as the bodhisattva who enters samadhi is a characteristically Avatamsaka way of demonstrating interpenetration. When Bodhisattva Merit Forest (功德林) enters deep concentration, the entire Dharmadhatu resonates: all Buddhas who have realised what Merit Forest is now realising appear simultaneously, named identically, to confirm and transmit the teaching. This is not magic but metaphysics: in the Avatamsaka's universe, any genuine insight into the Dharmadhatu opens a window onto all of it — because the Dharmadhatu is undivided. The samadhi is not a private inner experience; it is a contact with the shared ground of all awakened reality.
一者、欢喜行;二者、饶益行;三者、无恚恨行
十行的前三行奠定了整个修行的基调。「欢喜行」——以欢喜心广行布施,见到众生得益而生欢喜,而非义务或表演。「饶益行」——持戒,但出发点是使一切众生获益,而非只是自我完善。「无恚恨行」——修忍辱,但不是压抑愤怒,而是真正消融了憎恨的根源,面对一切侵犯、诽谤而心无恚恨。这三行(布施、持戒、忍辱)对应六波罗蜜的前三,但「行」(修行/实践)的核心不是条规,而是内在的质地:喜悦、利益、无恨。
First: the practice of joyfulness. Second: the practice of benefiting others. Third: the practice of no enmity or resentment.
The first three practices correspond broadly to the first three of the six perfections (paramitas): giving, ethics, and patience. But the Avatamsaka's framing shifts the emphasis from rule to inner quality. "Joyfulness" transforms giving from duty to delight — the bodhisattva gives because it is genuinely pleasurable to see beings flourish. "Benefiting others" transforms ethical discipline from self-protection to active service — the precepts are kept not to avoid personal defilement but to serve as a reliable, trustworthy presence for all beings. "No enmity" transforms patience from suppressed anger to the actual dissolution of the conditions that produce resentment. These are not three things to do; they are three qualities of a maturing bodhisattva heart.
四者、无尽行;五者、离痴乱行;六者、善现行
「无尽行」——精进修行,但其精进是「无尽的」:不是冲刺,而是持续,永不枯竭,如地藏菩萨「地狱不空誓不成佛」的无尽愿力。「离痴乱行」——禅定,离开愚痴和散乱——心清明而不被境转。「善现行」——般若(智慧),善于在一切现象中「善巧显现」:能以任何形式出现来适应众生的需要,如水月般无住而现。这三行对应六波罗蜜的精进、禅定、般若,同样以「行的品质」而非「修行规则」来呈现。
Fourth: the practice of inexhaustibility. Fifth: the practice free of delusion and confusion. Sixth: the practice of skilful manifestation.
These three practices correspond to diligence (精进), meditation (禅定), and wisdom (般若) — the fourth through sixth paramitas. "Inexhaustibility" reframes diligence: it is not about intensity or effort but about the refusal to give up — a sustainable, ever-replenishing energy that never burns out, because it is rooted in bodhicitta rather than ego-driven striving. "Free of delusion and confusion" is a more honest description of what meditation actually aims at than simply "concentration" — the goal is clarity, not trance. "Skilful manifestation" is the Avatamsaka's distinctive way of describing wisdom: it shows in the ability to appear appropriately in any form, to meet beings exactly where they are, like moonlight reflected in a thousand different pools.
七者、无着行;八者、难得行;九者、善法行;十者、真实行
「无着行」——对一切法无所执着,自在无碍地往来于一切境界,不为任何境界所缚。「难得行」——修习难以获得的殊胜法门,心甘情愿地为众生承担艰难、稀有之事。「善法行」——以善巧方便护持正法,使正法在世间流传不断。「真实行」——最后一行:以真实(不虚伪)行持,所言所行与内心证悟一致,不两面、不表演、不自欺欺人。「真实行」是十行的圆满:菩萨修行的终点,是言行思想的完全一致,是彻底的透明与真实。
Seventh: the practice of non-attachment. Eighth: the practice of what is hard to attain. Ninth: the practice of the good Dharma. Tenth: the practice of truth and reality.
The final four practices move into territory that goes beyond the classical six paramitas. Non-attachment (无着) is not withdrawal but radical freedom of movement — the bodhisattva can enter any situation without being captured by it. The practice of "what is hard to attain" (难得) is almost paradoxical: it means being willing to do exactly the things that are most costly, most rare, most difficult — not because of masochism, but because those are precisely what beings need most. The practice of the good Dharma (善法) is the bodhisattva as guardian and transmitter of the teaching across time and space. And the tenth — truth and reality (真实) — is the completion of all the others: when inner realisation and outer conduct become identical, when there is no gap between what one knows and what one does, the ten practices are whole.
总结 · Summary
第二十一品由功德林菩萨宣说菩萨摩诃萨的「十行」:欢喜行、饶益行、无恚恨行、无尽行、离痴乱行、善现行、无着行、难得行、善法行、真实行。十行是十住(学)之后、十回向之前的修行阶段,对应菩萨道的中层成熟。与六波罗蜜相比,十行更强调每一种修行的内在质地——喜悦、无恨、无尽、透明、真实——而非外在规则。
Chapter 21 presents the Ten Practices (十行), the second great set of bodhisattva stages in the Avatamsaka's graduated path. They follow the Ten Dwellings (十住, Chapters 15–18) and precede the Ten Dedications (十回向, Chapter 25). Where the Six Perfections are often taught as a list of things to do, the Ten Practices are described in terms of inner quality: joy, inexhaustibility, non-enmity, non-attachment, truth. The Avatamsaka is always more interested in the spirit than the letter. The chapter also demonstrates the sutra's teaching that any genuine practice on this path is simultaneously confirmed by all Buddhas of the ten directions — the bodhisattva's path is never solitary; it is always held within the web of awakened reality.