尔时,心王菩萨摩诃萨问普贤菩萨言:佛子!此娑婆世界,释迦牟尼佛刹,一劫,于彼极乐世界阿弥陀佛刹,为几时?普贤菩萨言:佛子!此娑婆世界一劫,于极乐世界为一日一夜。极乐世界一劫,于袈裟幢世界为一日一夜。如是辗转,乃至过百万阿僧祇世界,最后世界一劫,于胜莲华世界普贤菩萨等诸大菩萨,为一日一夜。普贤菩萨摩诃萨寿命,劫数如彼世界,无量无边不可说不可说。
逐句解释
此娑婆世界一劫,于极乐世界为一日一夜
「娑婆世界」(梵文 Sahā-loka)是释迦牟尼佛所在的世界,即我们所处的世界,其名含「堪忍」之意——众生在苦难中忍耐的世界。「极乐世界」(梵文 Sukhāvatī)是阿弥陀佛的净土,以无量安乐著称。经文在此揭示:我们世界的一整「劫」(一个宇宙周期,约数十亿年),在极乐世界只相当于一天一夜。这不是单纯的天文数字游戏,而是揭示了不同世界中时间本质上的相对性:「劫」并非绝对的时间单位,而是相对于各个世界的主观经验时间。就像爱因斯坦的相对论,时间的流逝因参照系不同而不同——《华严经》以佛法语言先于现代物理学提出了时间的相对性。
One kalpa in this world of endurance is one day and night in the Pure Land of Amitabha.
The comparison of time scales across different world-systems is one of the Avatamsaka's most provocative teachings. A kalpa — one cosmic cycle of arising, persisting, and dissolution — is the largest unit of Buddhist time, roughly equivalent to billions of years in modern terms. Yet in the Pure Land of Amitabha, this immensity of time is experienced as a single day. The point is not astronomical trivia but a fundamental claim about the nature of time: duration is not absolute but relative to the experiential framework of the beings within it. What feels like an eternity to a suffering being caught in samsara may be a moment to an awakened being abiding in a Pure Land. The teaching invites a question: what is my relationship to time, and what would change about my experience of urgency, patience, and the "length" of the path, if I inhabited a different relationship with consciousness?
如是辗转,乃至过百万阿僧祇世界……
经文将这种时间的叠加关系逐层递进:极乐世界的一劫,在下一个更高的世界只是一天;如此一层一层,越过百万阿僧祇世界,最终来到「胜莲华世界」(最高层的世界)。这种递进的时间结构创造了一个宏大的宇宙拓扑:时间不是一条均匀流动的河流,而是多维的、嵌套的,越接近觉悟的中心,时间的密度越低,越接近永恒。这也呼应了第三十品(阿僧祇品)的「不可说不可说」:数字和时间都在逼近无限,最终语言只能指向而无法抵达。
And so it continues, layer by layer, beyond a hundred million asamkhya world-systems...
The cascading time-scale comparison — each world-system's kalpa being one day in the next higher world — creates a picture of nested cosmological time that is simultaneously mathematical and meditative. The universe the Avatamsaka describes is not flat: it has depth, and the depth is measured not in spatial distance but in the density of time relative to awareness. The closer to the centre of awakening (represented by the highest world-system), the less time seems to flow, because awakened awareness does not experience the sequential pressure of ordinary samsaric time. This is also a practical teaching: as practice deepens, meditators often report that their relationship to time changes — moments become richer, the urgency of ordinary concerns loosens. The text maps this experiential truth onto a cosmological canvas.
普贤菩萨寿命,劫数如彼世界,无量无边不可说不可说
普贤菩萨的寿命,等同于最高世界「胜莲华世界」所计算的劫数——而那个劫数已经是「不可说不可说」的无量。这意味着普贤菩萨的寿命,用娑婆世界的标准来计算,是完全不可思议的无量数。为什么要说普贤菩萨的寿命?因为普贤菩萨是整部《华严经》的核心人物,他的「无量寿」不仅是时间上的,更是功德与愿力的象征:普贤行愿是无尽的,不受时间限制。如来寿量品的深意在于:「寿量」不只是「活多久」,而是「在多大的时间框架中运作」——菩萨的寿量,是其行愿覆盖的时间广度。
The lifespan of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra, measured in kalpas of that highest world-system, is immeasurable, boundless, and inexpressible.
The chapter arrives at Samantabhadra (普贤) — not incidentally, since he is the presiding bodhisattva of the entire Avatamsaka. His lifespan is given as equal to the kalpas of the highest world-system, which the previous passage has already established as inconceivably vast. But "lifespan" here is not merely biological duration; it is a measure of the scope within which a bodhisattva's vows operate. A bodhisattva whose vow is to liberate all beings in all worlds across all time needs a "lifespan" that spans all of that — not a finite number of years but the entire temporal extent of samsara. The inconceivable lifespan of the great bodhisattvas is the temporal expression of their unlimited vows: they will remain present for as long as beings need them.
如来寿量:「寿量」是法身的表达,不是肉身的年龄
「如来寿量」表面上是在讨论佛陀的寿命,但《华严经》的答案与历史事实(释迦牟尼活了约八十年)之间存在巨大张力。这种张力是有意为之的:「如来」不只是历史上的那位释迦牟尼,而是「法身如来」——遍满法界、永恒存在的佛陀法身。「八十年」是应化身(化身)的寿命;「不可说不可说劫」是法身的寿量。《法华经》的「如来寿量品」(第十六品)也处理同一个问题,答案类似:佛陀在菩提树下成道只是一种示现,其真实寿命是无量无边。《华严经》和《法华经》在这一点上形成了大乘佛学对「佛身论」最重要的两个表述。
The "lifespan" of the Tathagata is an expression of the Dharmakaya, not the age of a physical body.
The tension between the eighty-year historical lifespan of Shakyamuni and the inconceivable aeons described in this chapter is deliberate and theologically important. The Mahayana tradition resolves this tension through the doctrine of the three bodies of the Buddha (三身, trikaya): the Dharmakaya (法身) is the Buddha as coextensive with reality itself — timeless, boundless, never born and never dying; the Sambhogakaya (报身) is the Buddha as experienced in pure realms by highly advanced bodhisattvas; and the Nirmanakaya (化身) is the historical body that appears, teaches, and passes away in specific times and places. The eighty years are the Nirmanakaya's lifespan. The Dharmakaya's "lifespan" is the duration of reality itself — which is not a duration at all. This chapter, like Chapter 16 of the Lotus Sutra, is the Avatamsaka's statement of Dharmakaya theology.
总结 · Summary
第三十一品通过宇宙各层世界之间的时间比较,揭示了「劫」(时间)的相对性:我们世界的一劫,在更高的世界只是一天,如此层层递进直到「不可说不可说」。普贤菩萨的寿命与最高世界的劫数相当,象征菩萨行愿覆盖的时间范围是无量的。「如来寿量」的深义是:释迦牟尼的八十年是化身寿量,而法身如来的寿量与法界同在,是真正「不可说」的永恒。
Chapter 31 addresses the question of how long a Buddha lives — and the answer turns out to be a teaching about the nature of time itself. Through a cascading comparison of time scales across nested world-systems, the sutra shows that duration is relative to the experiential framework of beings. A kalpa in our world is a day in the Pure Land; a kalpa in the Pure Land is a day in a higher realm; and so on, until no number can be named. The lifespan of Samantabhadra — the Avatamsaka's patron bodhisattva — is equal to the kalpas of the highest world-system, signifying that his vows span all of time. And the "lifespan of the Tathagata" itself is the lifespan of the Dharmakaya: co-extensive with reality, without beginning or end, inexpressible by any clock.