尔时,普贤菩萨摩诃萨告诸菩萨言:佛子!如来功德,假使十方一切诸佛,经不可说不可说佛刹极微尘数劫,相续演说,不可穷尽。若欲成就此功德门,应修十种广大行愿:一者、礼敬诸佛;二者、称赞如来;三者、广修供养;四者、忏悔业障;五者、随喜功德;六者、请转法轮;七者、请佛住世;八者、常随佛学;九者、恒顺众生;十者、普皆回向。若诸菩萨于此大愿,随顺趣入,则能成熟一切众生,则能随顺阿耨多罗三藐三菩提,则能成满普贤菩萨诸行愿海。
逐句解释
普贤十大行愿:《华严经》最广为人知的修行纲领
「普贤行愿」(梵文 Samantabhadra-caryā-praṇidhāna)是整部《华严经》中最广为人知、流传最广的修行纲领,在汉传、藏传、日本佛教中都是重要的日课与修行仪式的组成部分。十大行愿的完整版本在第三十九品(入法界品)末尾以偈颂形式出现(即《普贤菩萨行愿赞》),被历代奉为早晚课诵读的标准文本。第三十六品是十大行愿的散文序论版本:先宣说如来功德无量无边(无论多少佛在多长时间内宣说都说不尽),再给出修学这无量功德的十种具体路径——十大行愿是将无量法界功德「落地化」为可修行实践的十个入口。
The Ten Great Practices and Vows of Samantabhadra — the most widely practised teaching of the Avatamsaka.
The Ten Great Vows of Samantabhadra (普贤十大行愿) are the most practised and most recited teaching from the entire Avatamsaka corpus. In Chinese Buddhist monasteries, the verse form of these vows (from Chapter 39) is chanted as part of the daily liturgy. In Tibetan Buddhism, Samantabhadra (Kuntuzangpo) is one of the most revered figures. In Japanese Tendai and Shingon, the vows are central to the bodhisattva path. This extraordinary reach makes Chapter 36 — which introduces the vows in prose — one of the most consequential chapters in the entire sutra for living Buddhist practice. The chapter begins by insisting that the Buddha's qualities are inexhaustible (no number of Buddhas speaking for unimaginable aeons could exhaust them), and then offers the ten vows as the practical method for approaching that inexhaustibility.
一、礼敬诸佛;二、称赞如来;三、广修供养;四、忏悔业障
「礼敬诸佛」——以身、口、意三业恭敬礼拜一切诸佛,将礼敬扩展到十方三世一切佛,而不只是历史上的释迦牟尼。「称赞如来」——赞叹佛陀的功德,这不是谄媚,而是通过言语表达对觉悟之美的真实认识与欢喜。「广修供养」——以一切善法、一切资财、乃至以法供养(最殊胜的供养)来供奉三宝。「忏悔业障」——以真诚悔过来清净过去以来身口意三业的一切障碍。这四行愿奠定了修行的基础姿态:敬(礼敬)、言(称赞)、施(供养)、净(忏悔)——以身体、语言、物质、心灵四个层面同时向觉悟方向打开。
First: respectful veneration of all Buddhas. Second: praising the Tathagata. Third: extensive offering. Fourth: confession of karmic obstacles.
The first four vows address the foundational orientations of practice. Veneration (礼敬) establishes the practitioner's basic posture toward awakening: open, humble, receptive. Praise (称赞) trains the tongue to express genuine recognition of what is admirable — not flattery but the cultivation of a heart that can see and name beauty in awakening. Offering (供养) opens the hand and the heart to generosity — initially material, but the text clarifies that the highest offering is the "Dharma offering" (法供养): practising, teaching, and embodying the teaching. Confession (忏悔) clears the ground: without acknowledging and releasing the residue of past harmful actions, the new growth cannot take root. Together the four are a complete preparation of body, speech, resources, and heart for the path.
五、随喜功德;六、请转法轮;七、请佛住世;八、常随佛学
「随喜功德」——随着他人的善行而生起真心欢喜,分享其功德。这是消除嫉妒的根本方法:当他人行善,我们的欢喜就是同步获得功德。「请转法轮」——祈请诸佛、诸菩萨、善知识开示佛法。传统认为释迦牟尼在成道后一度考虑不说法(因为众生根器太难),是梵天与帝释天祈请他说法,才有了佛法的流传。「请佛住世」——祈请诸佛不入涅槃,常住世间利益众生。「常随佛学」——以佛陀的行为为模范,时时学习效仿。这四愿覆盖了修行的「开放性维度」:分享(随喜)、邀请(请法)、挽留(请住)、仿效(随学)——使修行不是孤立的个人努力,而是整个觉悟生态系统中的积极参与。
Fifth: rejoicing in others' merit. Sixth: requesting the turning of the Dharma wheel. Seventh: requesting the Buddhas to remain in the world. Eighth: always following the Buddha's example.
Rejoicing in others' merit (随喜) is one of the most practically transformative practices in the set — it directly addresses jealousy and competitive mind by training the practitioner to genuinely delight in others' goodness. If you can sincerely celebrate another's virtue as if it were your own, you have dissolved one of the most corrosive obstacles to practice. Requesting the Dharma (请转法轮) acknowledges that the transmission of the teaching requires active invitation — wisdom does not impose itself but waits to be asked. Requesting the Buddhas to remain (请佛住世) is the counterpart: an expression of the practitioner's deep need for the continued presence of wisdom in the world. Always learning from the Buddha (常随佛学) transforms every encounter with the teaching — every line of sutra, every encounter with a teacher — into an act of active imitation rather than passive reception.
九、恒顺众生;十、普皆回向
「恒顺众生」——永远随顺、适应众生的需要:不以自己的标准要求众生改变,而是从众生的实际状态出发,以众生最能接受的方式帮助他们。这是「随机应变」(应机说法)的根本原则:菩萨的帮助是量身定制的,而非千篇一律。「普皆回向」——将上述九种行愿所积累的一切功德,全部、普遍地回向给法界一切众生。「普」——无一例外地包括;「皆」——全部,不保留。十大行愿以「普皆回向」作结,完美地封存了整个修行框架:所有的礼敬、称赞、供养、忏悔、随喜、请法、请住、随学、顺众生,最后都归于同一个姿态:将一切还给众生,将一切奉献给法界。
Ninth: always according with beings. Tenth: universally dedicating all merit.
The ninth vow — always according with beings (恒顺众生) — is a demanding practice of radical accommodation. It does not mean approving of harmful actions; it means beginning where beings are rather than where you wish they were. It is the practitioner's commitment to meeting beings in their actual condition rather than their idealised condition, with methods calibrated to what they can receive. This is the antidote to the well-meaning but counterproductive tendency to help in ways that suit the helper rather than the helped. The tenth vow — universal dedication — closes the circle: everything accumulated through the first nine vows is released, offered back to all beings without remainder. The gesture is the same as the dedication teaching of Chapter 25 (十回向品), but here it is the culminating act of the entire path: after礼敬, praise, offering, confession, rejoicing, requesting, learning, and according — give it all away. This is the Avatamsaka's heart.
总结 · Summary
第三十六品宣说普贤菩萨十大行愿:礼敬诸佛、称赞如来、广修供养、忏悔业障、随喜功德、请转法轮、请佛住世、常随佛学、恒顺众生、普皆回向。十大行愿是《华严经》中流传最广的修行纲领,在汉传、藏传及日本佛教的日常修行中被广泛诵持。十愿涵盖了修行的身口意、自利利他、内外、始终各个维度,以「普皆回向」作为圆满收束——将一切功德无私奉献给法界一切众生,是整部华严修行精神的最简洁表达。
Chapter 36 presents the Ten Great Vows of Samantabhadra — the most practised and most beloved teaching of the entire Avatamsaka. Beginning with the recognition that the Buddha's qualities are inexhaustible and no number of Buddhas speaking for unimaginable aeons could describe them, the chapter offers the ten vows as the practical path into that inexhaustibility: veneration, praise, offering, confession, rejoicing, requesting, learning, according, and universally dedicating. These ten vows span every dimension of practice — body and speech, giving and receiving, self-cultivation and others-service — and culminate in the gesture that unifies all of them: giving it all away. The vows are not a list of things to achieve; they are a description of the posture that, sustained across a lifetime and countless lifetimes, becomes the posture of Samantabhadra himself.